The PLO Essays - Palestine Liberation Organization,

The PLO Functioning as a Palestinian government, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964 as a political body representing the Palestinians in their efforts to reclaim their country from the Israelis. Originally an umbrella organization of refugee and military groups, it was ultimately joined by professional, labour and student associations and also by some individuals. The purpose of the PLO is to help the Palestinians "to recover their usurped homes" and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinian state. To that end, it has been responsible for commando acts both in Israel and in other countries. The PLO works through three parts: 1.the Executive Committee, a decision-making body 2.the Central Committee, an advisory body 3.the Palestine National Council which is generally viewed as an assembly of the Palestinian people Yasser Arafat has been the head of the PLO since 1968. In 1974 at an Arab summit in Rabat, Morocco, the PLO was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". Subsequent to this, Arafat addressed the United Nations where the organization was given official observer status. In 1970 the PLO commandos fought a short but bloody war with the Jordanian army after which they were expelled from that country and settled in Lebanon. Little by little, they became a state within a state, and thus contributed to the disintegration of Lebanon after 1975. The aftermath of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 was to disperse some 12,000 PLO members to Syria and other Arab countries. Those loyal to Arafat made their headquarters in Tunis, where an Israeli bombing raid in 1985 severely damaged their headquarters and other buildings. Palestine is the ancient name of a Middle Eastern country situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its size has varied greatly throughout its history and its exact borders are even now in dispute. Its location at the junction of trade routes linking three continents has meant that it was a melting pot for religious and cultural influences. It has also, unfortunately, been a natural battleground for the region's powerful states and thus subject to domination by them, the first of these being Egypt in the third millennium BC. When Egyptian power began to wane in the 14th century BC, the country was again invaded: this time by Hebrews, who were a Semitic tribe from Mesopotamia, and by Philistines (from whom the country took its name), an Indo-European people. The West Bank The West Bank is a term used to mean the disputed lands located west of the Jordan River between Israel and Jordan. Its area is about 5900 sq km (2278 sq mi) and it holds many sites of religious importance to Jews, Christians and Muslims. The largest cities of the West Bank are Hebron (Arabic: El Khalil) and Nablus. Part of biblical Samaria and Judaea, the West Bank was a part of the British Mandate for Palestine from 1920-1948. It was formally annexed by Jordan in 1950 -- an act that was not recognized by the Arab League, the United Nations or the United States. After the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the area came under Israeli control. The Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip is a narrow area of desert land along the western Mediterranean Sea. It is about 42km (26 miles) long and 6.5 to 8km (4 to 5 miles) wide. It too, like the West Bank, was a part of the British Mandate from 1917 to 1948. Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip from 1948 until the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (except for a brief period of Israeli occupation in 1956-57) when it passed to Israeli control. The Gaza Strip is densely populated -- an estimate in 1993 gave the figure as 800,000 -- with more than 99% of its population being stateless Palestinian Arabs. The majority are refugees from Israel who have lived under extremely difficult conditions in refugee camps since 1948. The flimsy economy is based upon agriculture, livestock, fishing and some small industry. Poverty and unemployment are widespread and the success of the 1993 peace accord between the Palestinians and Israel depends in no small way upon whether economic progress for the people of the Gaza Strip is an outgrowth of the accord. The intifada The intifada is a revolt by Palestinian Arabs against Israeli military occupation of lands taken in the 1967 Arab- Israeli War. It began in late 1987 in the Gaza Strip and soon spread to the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It involved throwing stones at Israeli soldiers, strikes and business boycotts. Neither the Israeli government nor the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) were prepared for

Top English Food Service Vocabulary Words

Top English Food Service Vocabulary Words Every worker in the foodservice industry is expected to have a base-level understanding of food service vocabulary to help them identify tools, responsibilities, rights, benefits, and elements of their jobs. Fortunately, the United States Department of Labor lays out 170 of these vocabulary  terms in the Occupational Handbook. Terms included in this list are important for service industry workers because they help clarify a common understanding of each element necessary to delivering excellent food service and also lets employees know the legal means in which to discuss issues with particular elements of the workplace or management staff.   The full list of essential vocabulary words for food service workers is as follows: Addition Customers Maintain Retail Alcoholic Demand Manage Room Area Department Manager Run Assist Diners Marketing Safety Assistant Dining Meals Salads Attendants Dishes Meat Sales Baggers Dishwashers Menu Sandwiches Bakers Drinking Merchandise Schedules Bars Eating Move Section Bartenders Employees Moving Select Benefits Entry Nonfood Selection Beverage Equipment Nonsupervisory Selections Beverages Establishment Numerous Sell Butchers Establishments Offer Selling Cafeteria Fill Office Serve Cafeterias Fillers Operation Service Cash Fish Order Services Cashiers Floor Orders Serving Chains Food Oversee Shifts Change Foods Package Shop Checkout Fresh Patrons Smaller Chef Groceries Perform Snack Chefs Grocery Performance Specialize Clean Group Place Specialty Cleaning Growth Poultry Staff Clerks Handling Premises Stock Coffee Health Preparation Store Company Hospitality Prepare Stores Compared Hostesses Prepared Supermarket Computer Hosts Preparing Supermarkets Consumer Hourly Prices Supervisors Consumption Hours Processing Supplies Contact Increase Produce Systems Convenience Ingredients Product Tables Cook Inventory Products Tasks Cooking Items Proportion Tips Cooks Kitchen Provide Trade Counter Kitchens Purchase Train Counters Level Recipes Training Courtesy Line Register Variety Culinary Local Replacement Waiters Customer Longer Required Waitresses Restaurant Workers The Importance of Knowing Proper Vocabulary Working in the food service industry often offers young workers their first exposure to the idea of corporate speak and jargon used in the workplace to simply and make communication uniform across the full market, from larger companies like McDonalds to locally owned diners in rural America. For this reason, its important that employees understand the basic difference between common phrases in the industry as well as how to properly refer to stages of preparation, tools for handling food, economic concerns of the business, and day to day operational tasks like training and hours. What may be more important to note is that when it comes to legality and contracts, these terms have very strict definitions according to the government, so if, for instance, a contract says that Training is unpaid, and a person winds up training for three weeks, theyre essentially providing free labor, but have agreed to such in their contract - knowing these types of words, especially in a legal context, can help protect new employees. Jargon and Colloquialisms That said, another key element to a successful career (even if short-lived) in the food service industry hinges upon teambuilding and understanding the language of the workplace, even in a less professional and technical way.   Because food service relies on a team of individuals, from the line cook to the waiter, the hostess to the busboy, employees of dining and food service establishments often form familial bonds with one another and develop their own jargon and colloquialisms to communicate with one another secretly, even in front of patrons of the establishment. Understanding the legal, technical, and colloquial vocabularies of food service are essential to being successful in the field because most of this industry relies entirely upon interaction not only with the customers but with coworkers as well.

How to Make Frozen Bubbles on Dry Ice

How to Make Frozen Bubbles on Dry Ice Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. You can use dry ice to freeze bubbles solid so that you can pick them up and examine them closely. You can use this project to demonstrate several scientific principles, such as density, interference, semipermeability, and diffusion. Materials Needed Bubble Solution (from the store or make your own)Dry IceGloves (for handling the dry ice)Glass Box or Cardboard Box Procedure Using gloves to protect your hands, place a chunk of dry ice in the bottom of glass bowl or cardboard box. Glass is nice because its clear.Allow about 5 minutes for carbon dioxide gas to accumulate in the container.Blow bubbles down into the container. The bubbles will fall until they reach the layer of carbon dioxide. They will hover at the interface between air and carbon dioxide. The bubbles will start to sink as the bubbles cool and the carbon dioxide replaces some of the air within them. Bubbles that come into contact with the dry ice chunk or fall into the cold layer at the bottom of the container will freeze! You can pick them up for closer examination (no gloves needed). The bubbles will thaw and eventually pop as they warm.As the bubbles age, their color bands will change and they will become more transparent. The bubble liquid is light, but it is still affected by gravity and is pulled to the bottom of a bubble. Eventually, the film at the top of a bubble becomes so thin th at it will open and the bubble will pop. Explanation Carbon dioxide (CO2) is heavier than most of the other gasses present in air (normal air is mostly nitrogen, N2, and oxygen, O2), so most of the carbon dioxide will settle to the bottom of the aquarium. Bubbles filled with air will float on top of the heavier carbon dioxide. Use a tutorial for calculating molecular mass, in case you want to prove this for yourself. Notes Adult supervision is recommended for this project. Dry ice is cold enough to give frostbite, so you need to wear protective gloves when handling it. Also, be aware that extra carbon dioxide is added to the air as dry ice vaporizes. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in air, but under some circumstances, the extra amount can present a health hazard.

Success Factors Affecting the Spread of E-commerce Worldwide Research Paper

Success Factors Affecting the Spread of E-commerce Worldwide - Research Paper Example E-commerce involves different transactions that are business-to-business, business-to-customer, and customer-to-customer (B2B, B2C, and C2C respectively) (Khosrowpour, pp. 21-25, 2004). With all such transactions, e-commerce is â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions using computers interconnected by a telecommunication system† (Fingar et al, 22-26, 2000). In this regard, nowadays, business organizations are profoundly relying on the platform of e-commerce to carry out their business activities; however, some critical or key success factors are playing a crucial role in the spread and success of e-commerce globally that will be the major focus of this paper. However, before stepping into the discussion of success factors of e-commerce, it is very imperative to understand the basics of e-commerce, and this will be possible with a basic understanding of different transactions encompassing the arena of e-c ommerce. From this aspect, bookshop was the first form of B2C application in the e-commerce that involved internet as a platform to sell books that gave an opportunity to the book suppliers to avoid physical stockings of the books, and it gave added-value facility to the book lovers to browse and buy the books without walking up to the bookstores. Another example of B2C is railway reservation applications that have become a fundamental need of railway companies to sell their tickets on the internet. Besides B2C, E-Bay is the best example of C2C e-commerce that involves two stakeholders (buyer/seller); however, until now, C2C has been limited mostly to second-hand items, paintings, and antique items in which, two individuals carry out the buying and selling process with the help of a third party that facilitates the business activity. Last, but the most important form of e-commerce is B2B that constitutes the major share of e-commerce, and has been enjoying significant importance since the emergence of e-commerce globally.

Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries - Essay Example The paper tells that the critical role that culture takes in global organizations need to be closely examined especially in American firms where globalization proliferates. The growing importance of national and world trade creates the need to understand the cultural diversities in different regions and countries. The saying that organizations need to plan globally, think rationally, and act locally is very apropos in many ways and more so in relation to cultural differences. One of the most famous MNCs globally is Coca-Cola, operating for already 125 years. According to its official website, there are approximately 139,600 worldwide employees of Coca-Cola that operates in more than 200 countries around the world. The operating groups of the Coca-Cola are indicated as Eurasia & Africa Group, Europe Group, Latin America Group, North America Group, Pacific Group, Bottling Investments Group, McDonald's Division. For the chosen potential countries to transfer, Coca-Cola has likewise been identified to operate both in India and in the Philippines, with additional details in the paper. When selecting career opportunities, usually the official website would forward search opportunities to the Pacific region where there are currently 297 job openings announced. Under the Pacific group, the site explicitly states that â€Å"The Coca-Cola Pacific Group includes a diverse group of rapidly developing markets such as China, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian nations†. In terms of political and economic conditions in India, the EDC provided the following general outlook. The present political scene in India is quite exceptional due to the relatively strong position of the ruling Congress-led UPA coalition; the governing coalition continues to maintain its majority in parliament. At the same time, the government’s standing among voters has been somewhat tarnished due to some very high profile corruption cases. The Government is likely to refrain from pursuing unpopular reforms throughout much of 2011 due to upcoming state assembly elections. The security environment is dominated by the threats posed by the Islamic militants and Naxalite insurgent activities. Market Spotlight: GDP growth remained slowed to 8.2% y/y in Q4, largely as a result of the slowdown in government spending and private investment. The pace of import growth has slowed markedly in recent months, in line with weaker industrial activity.

Canadas Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay Example for Free

Canadas Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay What has happened to Canada’s demographics over the past 50 years? Over the past fifty years, Canada’s demographics have been fluctuating significantly in terms of age and sex structure. During the mid-twentieth century, the population distribution pyramid was owned by the younger people and youth while the aged were not as highly populated. Now, the pyramid does not even resemble a pyramid; an increase in life expectancy, and a drop in fertility rates may account for such a drastic and effective transformation, and this sudden drop on the charts represents the large cohorts of the baby boomers, who are now beginning to play, perhaps even a slightly harmful, role in the economic workforce. In terms of statistics, these changes represent well the aging that has taken place in Canada over the past fifty years. Between 1956 and 2006, the median age of the Canadian population went from 27. to 38. 8 years, an increase of more than 10 years over a span of fifty years. By 2056, the median age is expected to reach 46. 9 years, or 20 years more than it was in 1956. In terms of demographics in the work force, during the third quarter of the twentieth century, there were almost 8 adults between 15 and 64 years of age in Canada for each person aged 65 years or over. However, the demographic dependency ratio for seniors in 2006 was just over 5 persons aged 15 to 64 years for each person aged 65 years and over. This ratio gives an approximation of how many elderly persons there are in relation to the potential pool of workers. During the last twenty-five years, the ratio has gradually yet significantly decreased to its current level. This downward trend could also continue into the future, according to recent population projections by expert analysts. Regardless of the scenario selected, most projections show a continuation of the decline of this indicator of population aging. According to the projections, in the year 2056 there would be only 2. working-age persons for each person aged 65 years or over, an even lower ratio than we are dealing with at the present moment. The Issue of Age Discrimination Age discrimination is defined, technically, as the idea of restricting persons from getting hired, promoted, or discriminated, in a position on the basis of age. It involves adverse work treatment of an employee based on a class or category that the employee belongs to – employees over age 40 rather than on the employees individual merit. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects certain applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. In fact, any action that an employer takes that adversely affects a disproportionate number of employees over 40 is also age discrimination. Various different types of age discrimination do exist throughout the workforce. It would be sensible to be knowledgeable on one’s rights in terms of age discrimination to ensure that future conflicts as such are avoided. . Denying Employment: Denying ones rights on hiring and employment based on their current age (most cases involve the misjudgement of one’s capabilities due to inexperience and young age) 2. Position-Based Employment: When one is already working for a company and is denied another position, perhaps a promotion, within the company based on their current age. 3. Salary-Based Employment: While it is reasonable to assume that a person with more experience and education will apprehend a higher salary, even for doing nearly the same work as another person, there may be cases where that is not applicable. Some cases involve the act of paying more to one person while another is doing almost identical work yet is being paid less, yet one person is significantly older or younger than the other. 4. Housing-Based Solutions: This type of age discrimination is different than others, simply because it is not related to employment. Some communities specifically cater to older adults, but this is an exemption to housing discrimination allowed under the Housing for Older Persons Act (HOPA). This is true in many retirement communities, for example, for which often do not allow those younger than age 55 years to own property or live there. Current myths regarding the older work force employees There do exist, however, many myths about the capabilities of older workers in the field and how efficient they would be if they were to continue working in the workforce as they age. One circulating myth is that older people cannot or will not learn new material as efficiently as younger people, which is the most prominent one of the rest. A few others include the idea that older people are not flexible or adaptable to the work environment, that older people are less productive, and that older workers are more expensive than younger workers. There has been great debate on both sides of these theories, given that although people do accept that older people should not be discriminated against and limited in terms of the workforce, there do still exist aspects in their work habits and the resources needed to provide for them in the workplace which are less ideal than if younger people were to be hired instead. Some issues that may have to be dealt with throughout the workplace with elder people include more health protection, more resources to provide for them, and perhaps even more training to ensure that they are not slow in apprehending the skills necessary for the post (all of these factors also relate back to idea of more expenses in general). Labour shortage in Canada Figure 1. Statistics on the recent study on Canadian labour shortage by province Figure 1. Statistics on the recent study on Canadian labour shortage by province Finally, the case for job shortages in Canada became thinner recently with the most recent data showing vacancies actually fell to 200,000 at the start of the year, meaning there were 6. 5 unemployed workers chasing each opening. The fresh data is just the latest indicator that seems to undercut government and business arguments that Canada is facing a serious skills and labour shortage. Furthermore, given the fact that older citizens are beginning to retire from their positions, there is an increased risk of labour shortages beginning to emerge. Parts of the economy such as the food and restaurant, oil, and public services industries are beginning to face such issues, and this area of conflict may even continue to grow over the decades, perhaps even spread and expand to more parts of the economy. In terms of action against this issue however, steps have already been put into effect by different organizations and the Canadian government. Progress has been made to reduce barriers to work by providing tax incentives for working Canadians and by modifying Employment Insurance and Guaranteed Income Supplement programs to remove penalties for working people. Canadian Prime Minister, Steven Harper, responded that â€Å"there are certain cases in Canada where there are absolute shortages of workers† and that he will â€Å"ensure the programs put in effect are reformed so they may not be misused in any way. The government has already begun to take action to further reduce barriers to work for Canadians, given that Canada’s labour shortage is not only a skills shortage, but a person-shortage that will have an increasingly negative affect on the economic growth and prosperity of all Canadians. The diminishing young worker to retired elder-ratio should be a clear indication that a conflict is, and will be prominent throughout the next couple years or decades in Canada’s economy, and that action must be tak en as efficiently as possible to avoid a serious problem for both our current and future generations.

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Essay -- International Development

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as one of the growth engines for various countries in the world, since SMEs make up over 90 percent of all enterprises. For instance, United States, 99.7 per cent (Heneman, Tansky, & Camp, 2000), China, 99 per cent (Cunningham & Rowley, 2008), Europe, 99 per cent (Andreas Rauch & Frese, 2000), Holland, 95 per cent, Philippines, 95 per cent and Taiwan, 96.5 per cent (C. Y.-Y. Lin, 1998) as well as Malaysia, 99.2 per cent (Man & Wafa, 2007; National SME Development Council (NSDC), 2009; Saleh & Ndubisi, 2006). The figures above show that countries all over the world recognized SMEs as a key business sector. Besides, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (2002) pointed out that SMEs are deemed as a supporter to larger enterprises as well as an important foundation in expanding business activities and sustaining economic growth. SMEs even provide more jobs than large companies (APEC, 2002; Department of Statistics Malaysi a (DOSM), 2007; NSDC, 2009). In sum, SMEs play a vital role and contribute to the economy and are likely to be increasingly important as the economy becomes more global. In Malaysia, SMEs are considered as the backbone of industrial development (NSDC, 2009) and give meaningful contributions to the national economy. Hashim (2010) stated that SMEs play a significant role in generating more employment, economic outputs, income generation, export capabilities, training, encouraging competition, innovation and promoting entrepreneurship and supporting the large-scale industries (LSIs) as well. Moreover, Jaswant Singh, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority director in Australia (MIDA Australia), informed that the grow... ...t improve efficiency and effectiveness (J. Barney, 1991; Wernerfelt, 1984). However, in examining other variables, researchers found a significant relationship between HRM practices (Jimenez-Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2008; Nasution, Mavondo, Matanda, & Ndubisi, 2010) and EO (Nasution et al., 2010) towards organizational innovation. Other studies also found that there is an inconclusive result on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, & Bausch, 2010). These findings propose that potential researchers could study the mediating effect of organizational innovation on the relationship between HRM practices, EO and organizational performance. It is also suggesting that, there also have a moderator effect (managerial ties) on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance.

Discuss the importance of Venice and its effects on the characters in “Othello” Essay

One can see that Venice is instrumental in insinuating the characteristics of its people. The sheer importance of the land becomes the pinnacle of pride in all Venetians. Knowing that â€Å"This is Venice†, augments imbedded ideology that accumulated the people’s stereotypical values and status. This produced a state where expectations proverbially created a discriminating separation between Venetians and outsiders. Those who were acknowledged from the proximity of the city were superior insiders and those who did not hail from Venice, were outsiders. This seemingly made it desirable for those classed as outsiders to want to become a classed and accepted citizen of Venice. However, it seems that the outsiders struggle to create a false sense of security when trying to become accepted, which inevitably leads to their demise. Naturally, where-ever one lives, one takes on the ideals of that particular community. Venetian etiquette was too far founded to be able to be mastered by some of the characters. On examining speech and mannerisms of different people, it becomes easy to determine those who belong and those who do not. Venice at that time was regarded as a city admired for its wealth, prosperity and providence. Venice was also filled with exoticism, prosperity, desire and acclaimed military. The military aspect helps to explain why characters such as Othello and Iago are present here. However, the city not only flurried with a military air and Venetian aristocracy, but due to Venice at that time being the foundation of Europe’s commercial venture, its cosmopolitan prospect attracted many people from different countries and races. Because of this, it seems that Venice was willing to accept people of different cultures, but the aristocracy would not admit those people to their inmost society. It is obvious that Othello is a social inferior, the Venetians only regarding him as a fighter that use to their advantage by leading their army. â€Å"Othello† was written at a time of obvious racism, which would have been passable in a refined city such as Venice. What accentuates Othello’s racial difference is the fact that his outward isolation is so blatantly obvious. He is black, whilst others are white. Throughout the play, characters use this as a simple, yet effective device to harass Othello, making him feel vulnerable, knowing that he is unable to change his appearance. This is also the ridiculous notion Venetians have for ignoring Othello and it is impractical for him because being a general in the army, he is always surrounded by Venetian aristocracy and authority, who ridicule him because of his skin colour. However, Othello’s demise is particularly his fault, he willed himself into a relationship with Venice, and the will he used was terribly limited in what he could achieve and still does not achieve his goal of becoming a demure Venetian. Through-out the play, it is seen that the people of Venice are irresolute towards Othello. Whilst his services to their army is their main intent for keeping him bound to their society, it is a reflection of an outsider being bound to some-one purposely being used to destroy other outsiders. Whilst he is used by the society for their means, they still discriminate him. Whilst at a point Brabantio is content in accepting Othello into his household, inconsiderately he allows Othello to believe that because of this humble acceptance that his stories of bravery allowed him to get to, it did not allow him to be accepted in the city outside Brabantio’s house. As Louis Auchincloss suggested Othello is not regarded by Brabantio and others, but as a Victorian Englishman might have regarded some splendid Maharajah. Othello’s stories, like his ‘seditious’ self, entertained the people, as if his services to them were limited to fighting and amusement, ultimately labelling him as a lower class social inferior that was only ‘accepted’ to be used how and whenever the higher classes wanted. However, those stories captured the love of Desdemona, leaving Brabantio feeling betrayed when she elopes with the moor. He classed their relationship solely on Othello’s exoticism and racial differences, believing that their love was â€Å"unnatural as a black man.† However, Othello’s marriage to Desdemona provides him with a link with Venice and provides a means to abolish some of the perceptions others have of him. However, this link can only last if Desdemona remains alive, otherwise the link will be broken. Whilst their marriage exists and assumes that Othello can be classed as an insider, it evolves into Desdemona moving further away from her roots as an insider, getting pushed away to becoming an outsider. When Brabantio accused Othello of witchcraft and enchanting his daughter, the seemingly biased trial saves Desdemona from being emitted from society, as if her marriage to Othello destroyed Venice’s image and betrayed their importance. This scene, held in Venice declares the trials importance and authority and foretells of future demise. When Brabantio declares that â€Å"She has deceived her father, and may thee† Othello’s services are urgently required for war in Cyprus, the land of Venus. However the love of Venus is not a love of chastity or faithfulness, and so foreshadows that the living link that allows Othello to be partially accepted will be broken. When travelling to Cyprus, it is obvious by Shakespeare’s use of weather conditions that the boat trip unlocks the safeness and innate standards of the Venetians. The dangerous and violent natural boundaries that are the seas prove that nowhere other than where people originate from is a safe haven, which deviously proves that everyone will become an outsider at some point. It also foreshadows ultimate racial differences and problems that Othello will have to face. The weather and island also reflects Iago, and offers the perfect time for Iago’s plan to bear effectiveness. The island, where violence and war are bordered, shows that Iago’s character is malevolent and scheming and that he himself is also an outsider. It is as if the weather and island are his motivation and inner self, some-one who does not fit within the Venetian society because of his mystery. His character is one of paradox, befriending Othello, whilst plotting his downfall. He clearly fools the Venetian society that he is an insider and because of this portrayal shows that he himself was once desperate to conform. He also fools Othello and indeed himself, ultimately demonstrating that he is truly an outsider, when he lowers himself to deceive another outsider. The name Iago, is itself Spanish, and was probably a tool to imply great irony, as it makes the audience think of the shrine St Iago di Compostella, and it is hard to believe how a person of particular menace could hail from such a civil and religious place and not be fully accepted by the Venetian society, because we know that he is only deceiving them. At that time, Venice was famous for its pleasures and deceitful seductions of its courtesans, who can be classed as outsiders, as they have no status in the high class city and its low sexual tolerance. Iago, only too aware of this, acts upon the indistinguishable prostitutes who were able to dress like high class women and states that Othello is trusting and full of faithfulness. Iago tells Othello how Venetian men play love with different rules and that â€Å"In Venice the do let God see the pranks they dare not show their husbands.† This cunning statement raises Othello’s suspicions as he begins to believe that Desdemona who is a Venetian could be any different from the women on the street and the cities sexual licence adding to his doubts. Othello’s doubts only leave him to look down upon Desdemona with a discriminating air and hatred, as if she really were a prostitute. Because of the way Othello depicts Desdemona after Iago’s meddling, he ultimately sees Desdemona as an outsider, her reputation tainted by Venice’s sexual tolerance and the idea that prostitutes are of lower class. Also, whilst in Cyprus, the island itself taints Othello’s perception; he believes that her love begins to become impure. Iago and Brabantio are able to alienate both Desdemona and Othello, turning his exoticism into alien like qualities, but there is also another outsider; Cassio. Cassio being a Florentine ultimately proves that he is an outsider, and due to harassment from Iago and the nature of Cyprus takes over the refuge of gracious Venice and in his drunken state makes him out to be an abrasive, angry and violent man, some-one whose characteristics were completely different to the acts of civilised and proud Venetians. It is very apparent that geography and indeed Venice solely plays an important part in the tragic play. The two different settings, having been deliberately chosen by Shakespeare convey failings in both characters and society. Cyprus is not only used as a juxtaposition of love, but it is also used by Iago for his deviances and the demise of most people as they all become outsiders when the haven of their city and aspects of everything Venetian men stand for is taken away from them. Venice encompasses varied ideals and is used solely as a mirror to differentiate those who were considered to be insiders and those who were not. Venice’s strong and promiscuousness is reflected in all events through out the play in different ways. The insiders are bound by it’s synonymous etiquette and this can not be acquired by characters such as Othello, but can be manipulated by Iago. In conclusion, I believe that geography plays an important role in the play, the settings capable of emitting emotions and intimidating the consequences of being classed as outsiders and the trials and tribulations caused by being a ‘nonconformist’.

Consumer Behavior Essay

Consumer behavior is an attempt to understand & predict human actions in the buying role. It has assumed growing importance under market-oriented or customer oriented marketing planning & management. Consumer behavior is defined as â€Å"all psychological, social & physical behavior of potential customers as they become aware of, evaluate, purchase, consume, & tell others about product & services†. * Each element in this definition is important. * Consumer behavior involves both individual (psychological) processes & group (social processes). * Consumer behavior is reflected from awareness right through post-purchase evaluation indicating satisfaction or non-satisfaction, from purchases * Consumer behavior includes communication, purchasing & consumption behavior * Consumer behavior is basically social in nature. Hence social environment plays an important role in shaping buyer behavior. * Consumer behavior includes both consumer & business buyer behavior In consumer behavior we consider not only why, how, & what people buy but other factors such as where , how often, and under what conditions the purchase is made. An understanding of the buyer behavior is essential in marketing planning & programmes. In the final analysis buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful marketing. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING BUYER BEHAVIOUR CULTURAL FACTORS Cultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. The roles played by the buyers culture, sub culture and social class are particularly important. * CULTURE- Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. The growing child acquires a set of values, perceptions, preferences, and behavior through his or her family or other key institutions. * SUB-CULTURE- Sub-culture includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographical regions. Many sub-cultures make up important market segments, and marketers often design marketing programs tailored to their needs. * SOCIAL CLASS- Social classes are relatively homogenous and enduring divisions in a society, which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social classes do not reflect income alone but also other indicators such as occupation, education, and area of residence. SOCIAL FACTORS * REFERNCE GROUPS- A Person’s reference groups consist of all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on the person’s attitudes or behavior. Groups having direct influence on a person are called membership groups. * FAMILY- The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and has been researched extensively. Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. * ROLE AND STATUSES- A person’s position in each group that he participates throughout his life –family, clubs, and organizations can be defined in terms of role and status. A role consist of activities that a person is expected to perform. Each role carries a status. Marketers are aware of the status symbol potential of products and brands. PERSONAL FACTORS A buyer’s decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyer’s age & stage in the life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality & self concept. * AGE & STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE- People buy different goods & services over their lifetime. They eat baby food in the early years, most foods in the growing & mature years & special diets in the later years. People’s taste in clothes, furniture & recreation is also age related. * OCCUPATION- A person’s occupation also influences his or her consumption pattern. Marketers try to identify the occupational groups that have above – average interest in their products and services. A company can even specialize its products for certain occupational groups. * ECONOMIC CIRCUMCTANCES- Product choices are greatly affected by one’s economic circumstances. Economic stability consist of their spend able income (its level, stability and time pattern), saving a nd assets (including the percentage that is liquid), debts, borrowing power, attitude toward spending versus saving. * LIFESTYLE- People coming from the same subculture, social class & occupation may lead quite different lifestyles. A person’s lifestyles the person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in the persons activities, interests & opinions. * PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT- Each person has a distinct personality that influences his or her buying behavior. By personality, we mean a person’s distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to his or her environment. Personality can be a useful variable in analyzing consumer behavior, provided that personality type can be classified accurately and that strong correlations exist between certain personality types and product or brand choices. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS A person’s buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors-motivations, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. * MOTIVATION- A person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. Motivational researchers hold that each product is capable of arousing a unique set of motive in consumers. * LEARNING- When people act they learn. Learning involves changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build up demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement. * PERCEPTION- Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, & interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. A motivated person is ready to act. How the motivated person actually acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation. * BELIEFS & ATTITUDES- A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Through doing & learning, people acquire beliefs & attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior. Particularly important to global marketers is the fact that buyers often hold distinct disbeliefs about brands or products based on their country of origin. An attitude is person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies towards some object or idea. People have attitude toward almost everything: religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and so on. Attitude put them into a frame of mind of liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it.

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Example

Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Example Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Ram Manohar Lohia Essay Ram Manohar Lohia, (born March 23, 1910, Akbarpur, India- died October 12, 1967, New Delhi), Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in the movement toward Indian independence. Much of his career was devoted to combating injustice through the development of a distinctly Indian version of socialism. Lohia was born to a family of merchants. Following the death of his mother when he was two, he was raised primarily by his grandparents, although his father’s commitment to Indian nationalism influenced him during his childhood. Lohia attended Banaras Hindu University before earning a bachelor’s degree (1929) from the University of Calcutta and a doctorate (1932) from the University of Berlin, where he studied economics and politics. In 1934 Lohia became actively involved in the Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded that year as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress; he served on the CSP executive committee and edited its weekly journal. A vehement opponent of Indian participation on the side of Great Britain in World War II, he was arrested for anti-British remarks in 1939 and again in 1940; the latter incident resulted in an 18-month imprisonment. With the emergence in 1942 of the Quit India movement- a campaign initiated by Mohandas K. Gandhi to urge the withdrawal of British authorities from India- Lohia and other CSP leaders (such as Jaya Prakash Narayan) mobilized support from the underground. For such resistance activities, he was jailed again in 1944–46. During and after India’s transition to independence in 1947, Lohia continued to play an active role in its politics. At loggerheads with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on several issues, however, Lohia and other CSP members left the Congress in 1948. He became a member of the Praja Socialist Party upon its formation in 1952 and served as general secretary for a brief period, but internecine conflicts led to his resignation in 1955. Later that year Lohia established a new Socialist Party, for which he became chairman as well as the editor of its journal, Mankind. A spellbinding orator and a passionate and perceptive writer, he advocated for various sociopolitical reforms in his capacity as party leader, including the abolition of the caste system, the adoption of Hindi as India’s national language, and stronger protection of civil liberties. In 1963 Lohia was elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of parliament), where he was noted for his sharp criticism of government policies. Although his parliamentary influence was ultimately limited, his progressive views, which he expressed in numerous publications, proved inspirational to many Indians.

Business Logistics and Supply Chain Management

The Supply Chain Management is one of the important functions of an organization that is concerned with the administration of the flow of the services as well as products of the particular pany (Christopher 2016). It is concerned with the inventory and transport as well as storage capabilities of the raw materials. This report deals with the logistics challenges faced during the process of transporting the l otives, thermal coal and wagons for the construction of a railway line from â€Å"Central Western Queensland† to â€Å"Abbot Point Port† located in the Northeast Queensland. The challenges of the logistics are discussed in detail with focus on two key areas. The objective of this report is to identify the logistics challenges during the process of transportation of the raw materials from initial point (Germany) to the final destination (Abbott Point Port). The raw materials are required for the construction of a railway line and hence must reach the final destination in a timely manner. It is also important that the raw materials reach the international mining pany in proper condition, thus minimizing any damages or risks in transit. The report will outline the primary challenges faced in the supply chain management. It will also focus on details like port activities, inland details, sea freight details and various logistics activities. It will also discuss the â€Å"Australian Quarantine and Inspection Services Requirements† in order to understand the issues in a better manner. The major deliverables of the project include the identification of the major issues in the process of logistics and strive to seek suitable solutions for it. The range of activities which deals with effective and efficient transfer of goods as well as services from the â€Å"point of origin† to the â€Å"point of consumption† is known as Supply Chain Management (Monczka et al. 2015). It involves the process of raw materials storage, inventory management and the movement of the goods from one place to the other. The process of logistics deal with the right products delivered in right quantity to the right customer at the right cost (Christopher 2016). The products must be delivered in right time and at the right place. The process of logistics usually deals with the transport activities of a single organization, however, the supply chain management, deals with the transport activities within a network of panies that work in a collaborative manner (Wisner Tan and Leong 2014). The integrated logistics deal with the customer service, production planning, purchasing, transport and the warehouse activities (Christopher 2016). There are important supply chain activities that must be undertaken by the pany for the purpose of successfully delivering the materials to the final destination. There are three broad logistics activities that can be carried out by the pany- Inbound logistics, outbound logistics and Conversion operations (Christopher 2016).   Some of the important activities are described below- There are two important areas in the process of logistics management. They are discussed below- Transportation- It is important to focus on the transportation of the raw materials. There are several reasons for efficient transportation of freight. The specialty and the surplus is responsible for the purpose of trading. The trading enhances the specialty as well as aim for greater surplus options for the panies (Christopher 2016). The process of transportation is required from the process of delivery of the raw materials to the manufacturing process (Christopher 2016). The transportation accounts for one-third of the total logistics costs. It is one of the most important factors that influence the efficiency of the logistics process (Christopher 2016). The panies must aim for maintaining economic transportation facilities in order to control the expenditure of the pany (Christopher 2016). The cost of the transportation should be controlled so that the pany maintains high market share and the logistics costs can be kept under control (Jensen and Bergqvist 2013). The transportatio n costs consist of various expenses such as vehicles cost, cost of terminals, pallets, containers, time and labour (Christopher 2016). The logistics specialist must take into account the operation of transport system in the country so that the highest efficiency can be achieved. The process of transportation is an important step for the purpose of the conversation of the raw materials into finished goods (Eskandarpour et al. 2015). The plexity of the transportation is an important consideration in the total quality management. It acts as a bridge between the consumers and the producers (Christopher 2016). Materials handling- The pany must pay attention to the materials handling department of the logistics management. There are four dimensions in the materials handling job such as movement, time, quantity and space (Alanjari Razavialavi and AbouRizk 2014). This task requires the management of the raw materials from procurement to transport. It is important to increase the effective capacity of the logistics process and reduce the malfunctioning in the product handling process. The pany must ensure that the raw materials are delivered to the clients using an excellent cost-effective carrier and at the right time (Rushton Croucher and Baker 2014). It should also be ensured that the products are not damaged in transit and it is important to maintain the optimum quality of the raw materials (Alanjari Razavialavi and AbouRizk 2014). There can be several factors such as premium freight, production shortage, inventory adjustments and others (Alanjari Razavialavi and AbouRizk 2014). There can be issues with the materials handling managers such as incorrect material bills, shipping errors, production reporting errors, incorrect cycle counts and others (Alanjari Razavialavi and AbouRizk 2014). It is also important for timely release the products so that it can reach the clients in a timely manner. There are a number of issues in the logistics operations that can be faced by the pany. The challenges are described as below- The pany should pay attention to the excellent transport of the modities so that it reaches the final destination safely. The pany should pay attention to the transportation of the goods through the sea containers (Davenport 2013). The pany should focus on the logistics process through the utilization of sea port terminals. An alternative to the sea freight can be â€Å"inland carrier† (Talley 2014). This implies that the pany must utilize carriers other than the ocean modes. These can be water, land or air, depending on the budget as well as convenience of the logistics pany (Davenport 2013). There should be different considerations that should be considered such as cost, time, convenience, nature of goods and others (Davenport 2013). It is important to consider the important port activities that are an important part of the logistics process. There are many disparate activities in the port such as movement of the containers, movement of the ships, cargo management, custom activities, loading as well as unloading of the ships and others (Bichou Bell and Evans 2013). There are other important factors such as channels, anchorages, human resources, berths, tugs, warehouse and others (Bichou Bell and Evans 2013). The logistics specialist needs to gain knowledge regarding the efficient management of the port (Bichou Bell and Evans 2013). These include managing the resources as well as the flow of money. There should be bination of efficient cargo handling services and the reduction of the unit costs (Selinka Franz and Stolletz 2016). It is important to check the application of technology in the cargo handling services. An efficient cargo handling services should ensure minimum damages of the goods (Bichou Bell and Evan s 2013). The logistics specialist should take into account the efficiency of the ports before dealing with them regarding the transport of the goods. The Australian Government has formulated a strict security inspection and quarantine measures for the inward as well as outward movement of goods entering a particular state in Australia (Weng   An and Hu 2015). The quarantine measure checks all the cargo entering the state for possible contamination by microorganisms (Weng An and Hu 2015). The AQIS is a government agency in Australia which is responsible for quarantine laws, on behalf of the Department of Agriculture (Australia.gov.au 2016). This activity would minimize the threat of severe pests and protect the agriculture industry in Australia. The logistics specialist should consider the AQIS specifications so that there can be smooth functioning of the logistics process (Weng An and Hu 2015). The logistics pany should aim for finding a solution for the logistics challenges. It should try to maximize the transportation efficiency of the pany. It should focus more on the creation of dedicated shipping partners which would make the transportation process hassle free. The pany should ensure the timely delivery of the raw materials. The pany should also focus on the security of the goods that are transported. The port activities and the sea freight details must be considered by the logistics specialist. The detailed processes in carrying out supply chain management as well as logistics function of the pany are elaborated. This report would enable the CEO to understand the intricacies of the logistics function. This report is to be submitted during the planning phase of the supply chain management process that would give a clear picture to the senior management of the pany. Alanjari, P., Razavialavi, S. and AbouRizk, S., 2014. A simulation-based approach for material yard laydown planning.  Automation in Construction,  40, pp.1-8. Australia.gov.au. (2016).  australia.gov.au. [online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Bichou, K., Bell, M. and Evans, A., 2013.  Risk management in port operations, logistics and supply chain security. CRC Press. Bowersox, D.J., 2013.  Logistical excellence: it's not business as usual. Elsevier. Christopher, M., 2016.  Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Davenport, T.H., 2013.  Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Dekker, R., Bloemhof, J. and Mallidis, I., 2012. Operations Research for green logistics–An overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges.  European Journal of Operational Research,  219(3), pp.671-679. Eskandarpour, M., Dejax, P., Miemczyk, J. and Pà ©ton, O., 2015. Sustainable supply chain network design: an optimization-oriented review.Omega,  54, pp.11-32. Fay, S. and Xie, J., 2014. Timing of product allocation: Using probabilistic selling to enhance inventory management.  Management Science,  61(2), pp.474-484. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.  Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Jensen, A. and Bergqvist, R., 2013. Seaport strategies for pre-emptive defence of market share under changing hinterland transport system performance.  International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics,  5(4-5), pp.432-448. Mentzer, J.T., 2015. Logistics Modeling in the 1980’s: A Decade of Challenges. In  The 1980’s: A Decade of Marketing Challenges  (pp. 156-160). Springer International Publishing. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.  The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Selinka, G., Franz, A. and Stolletz, R., 2016. Time-dependent performance approximation of truck handling operations at an air cargo terminal puters & Operations Research,  65, pp.164-173. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. In  Supply chain management and advanced planning  (pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Talley, W.K., 2014. Maritime transport chains: carrier, port and shipper choice effects.  International Journal of Production Economics,  151, pp.174-179. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.  Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Weng, X., An, J. and Hu, Y., 2015. Research on the Market Access of Cold Chain Logistics Service Quality Safety for Agricultural Products.  Journal of Service Science and Management,  8(6), p.793. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.  Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Article response paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Response paper - Article Example The article also points out why LA can be regarded as a crucial phenomenon to be used while teaching some issues related to language. The article also focuses on the theoretical perspectives, which guide literacy autobiography, and how useful they can be termed to be with regard to literary autobiography. The article outlines that L1 and W1 should be included in the L2 classroom (Steinman, 2007). Personal observation After reading the article, I gained outstanding knowledge regarding literary autobiography. The article is helpful in a number of ways, and the immense information contained in the article forms the basis for a deep understanding of what languages entail. From the article, I have managed to learn that there are various theoretical frameworks that support LA. I have learnt that certain writing conventions can be regarded as significantly crucial. These writing conventions include affective, textual, cognitive, contextual, as well as political. Language also plays a crucia l role in the development of thought. LA is vital to learning for teachers, as well as multilingual students. The L1 writing skills held by writers can be regarded as crucial since writers tend to bring such skills when they take part in L2 writing. The article outlines the crucial role played by information regarding early literacy. As stated in the article, information about early literacy determines the factors that have an impact on the academic writing skills of students (Steinman, 2007). The article outlines that the classroom can be regarded as a place where trans-cultural dialogue takes place. This means that students from diverse cultural backgrounds interact and the cultural beliefs of each student have to be respected. It is worth noting that the article points out the little advocacy with regard to the inclusion of L1 in institutions of higher learning such as universities and colleges. The article also points out levels of change, which tend to be three. These levels in clude change of practice, material and beliefs. Numerous approaches prove to be helpful in the literature and research of Literacy autobiography. Some of the central approaches encompass socio-cultural theory, communities if practice, multiliteracies, as well as contrastive rhetoric. LA is instrumental in examining how writing practices, as well as writing, differ between cultures. Based on multiliteracy, meaning should be derived from all forms of language used in teaching. The article explores various ways in which students from various backgrounds tend to be welcomed in a community of practice, which consists of various languages and students from diverse backgrounds. Writing is crucial to the developing of collaborative learning, as well as value and thought (Steinman, 2007). Excerpts â€Å"I have since been taking part in studying, talking, and thinking about contrastive rhetoric, which refers to the study of writing values and writing conventions, as well as how these tend to vary in different cultures† (Steinman 2007, p.564). â€Å" I discovered the implications and significance of writing conventions such as political, affective, cognitive, contextual, and textual. Consequently, I started rethinking what I expected second language students in my class to bring out appropriately and what they could not articulate with a lot of ease† (Steinman 2007, p.564). The reason for choosing the above excerpts is because they fundamentally address the